Clause: a unit of grammatical organization, consisting of a subject and predicate.

• N: Independent, Non-Speech: A sentence or independent clause (the top level); a set of words that is complete in itself, conveying a statement, question, exclamation, or command, and consisting of a main clause and sometimes one or more subordinate clauses.

  Example: "And God called the light Day" (Gen. 1:5)

• L: Dependent, Non-Speech: A clause, often introduced by a subordinating conjunction, that forms part of and is dependent on a main clause.

• Speech Clauses: Speech is indicated by an arc under the N or L. The number of arcs represent the nested level of speech.

  Example: "And God said: Let light be!" (Gen. 1:3)

• Clause Sub-Types: The N and L clauses have superscripts that identify the type of Clause (as in the Clause dialog box).

• AjCl: Adjective clause: A verbless clause in which the predicate complement is an adjective.

  Example: "It is not good for the man to be alone." (Gen. 2:18)

• CPen: Casus pendens: A clause containing a fronted element that is resumed in the following clause (resumptive clause) by a pronoun referring back to it. (This type of constructions is also called "dislocation".)

  Example: "These are the generations of the heavens and of the earth when they were created, in the day that the Lord God made the earth and the heavens" (Gen. 2:4)

• Ellp: Ellipsis: An elliptical clause, i.e. a clause in which some elements have been omitted.

  Example: "If Cain is avenged sevenfold, Then Lamech seventy sevenfold." (Gen. 4:24)

• InfA: Infinitive absolute clause: A clause in which the predicate is a verb in the infinitive absolute.

  Example: "Remember the sabbath day and keep it holy." (Ex. 20:8)

• InfC: Infinitive construct clause: A clause in which the predicate is a verb in the infinitive construct.

  Example: "When God created man, He made him in the likeness of God." (Gen. 5:1)

• MSyn: Macrosyntactic sign: A clause introducing a new topic or marking a transition at the discourse level.

  Example: "Now, my son, listen carefully as I instruct you." (Gen. 5:1)

• NmCl: Nominal clause: A verbless clause in which the predicate complement is a nominal or prepositional phrase.

  Example: "What to me is the multitude of your sacrifices? says the Lord." (Is. 1:11)

• Ptcp: Participle clause: A clause in which the predicate is a participial verb.

  Example: "Then the man who was standing among the myrtles spoke up and said." (Zech. 1:10)

• Reop: Reopening: Repetition of the opening element of a clause (such as a conjunction).

  Example: "Nay, my brethren, nay, I pray you, do not so wickedly." (Jdg. 19:23)

• Voct: Vocative clause: A clause containing a vocative element (address or invocation).

  Example: "Daughters of Israel, weep for Saul, who clothed you in scarlet..." (2Sam. 1:24)

• Way0: Wayyiqtol-null clause: A clause beginning with a wayyiqtol verb form and containing no explicit subject.

  Example: "Now after the death of Joshua it came to pass..." (Jdg. 1:1)

• WayX: Wayyiqtol-X clause: A clause beginning with a wayyiqtol verb form, followed by an explicit subject.

  Example: "Then Moab rebelled against Israel after the death of Ahab." (2Ki. 1:1)

• WIm0: We-imperative-null clause: A clause beginning with we + imperative verb form and containing no explicit subject.

  Example: "...you have sinned against the Lord, and be sure your sin will find you out." (Num. 32:23)

• WImX: We-imperative-X clause: A clause beginning with we + imperative verb form, followed by an explicit subject.

  Example: "Be prepared, and prepare yourself, you and all your companies that are assembled about you, and be a guard for them." (Ezek. 38:7)

• WQt0: We-qatal-null clause: A clause beginning with a we-qatal verb form and containing no explicit subject.

  Example: "Making your righteousness shine like the dawn..." (Psa. 37:6)

• WQtX: We-qatal-X clause: A clause beginning with a we-qatal verb form, followed by an explicit subject.

  Example: "And the bow shall be in the cloud; and I will look upon it..." (Gen. 9:16)

• WxI0: We-x-imperative-null clause: A clause containing no explicit subject and in which other elements come between the opening we and the imperative verb form.

  Example: "Strengthen the weak hands, and make firm the feeble knees." (Isa. 35:3)

• WXIm: We-X-imperative clause: A clause in which an explicit subject comes between the opening we and the imperative verb form.

• WxIX: We-x-imperative-X clause: A clause in which an explicit subject follows an imperative verb form, which is separated from the opening we by other elements.

  Example: "Now therefore, I pray you, tarry ye also here this night..." (Num. 22:19)

• WxQ0: We-x-qatal-null clause: A clause containing no explicit subject and in which other elements come between the opening we and the qatal verb form.

  Example: "Therefore, with the fury of the Lord I am full..." (Jer. 6:11)

• WXQt: We-X-qatal clause: A clause in which an explicit subject comes between the opening we and the qatal verb form.

  Example: "And the earth was without form, and void..." (Gen. 1:2)

• WxQX: We-x-qatal-X clause: A clause in which an explicit subject follows a qatal verb form, which is separated from the opening we by other elements.

  Example: "How precious also are Your thoughts to me, O God!" (Psa. 139:17)

• WxY0: We-x-yiqtol-null clause: A clause containing no explicit subject and in which other elements come between the opening we and the yiqtol verb form.

  Example: "...and they covered him with clothes, but he could not keep warm." (1Ki. 1:1)

• WXYq: We-X-yiqtol clause: A clause in which an explicit subject comes between the opening we and the yiqtol verb form.

  Example: "And the earth shall answer the grain, the wine, and the oil..." (Hos. 2:22)

• WxYX: We-x-yiqtol-X clause: A clause in which an explicit subject follows a yiqtol verb form, which is separated from the opening we by other elements.

  Example: "And you shall no longer be called Abram..." (Gen. 17:5)

• WYq0: We-yiqtol-null clause: A clause beginning with a we-yiqtol verb form and containing no explicit subject.

  Example: "and have it attested for me by reliable witnesses..." (Isa. 8:2)

• WYqX: We-yiqtol-X clause: A clause beginning with a we-yiqtol verb form, followed by an explicit subject.

  Example: "Exalted be God, my deliverer..." (Ps. 18:47)

• xIm0: x-imperative-null clause: A clause containing no explicit subject and in which other elements precede the imperative verb form.

  Example: "Therefore hear the word of the Lord..." (1Ki. 22:19)

• XImp: X-imperative clause: A clause in which an explicit subject precedes the imperative verb form.

  Example: "You cross over with me and I will sustain you" (2Sam. 19:33)

• xImX: x-imperative-X clause: A clause in which an explicit subject follows an imperative verb form, which itself follows other elements.

  Example: "But go, act, be strong for the battle" (2Chron. 25:8)

• XPos: Extraposition: A clause in which one of the constituents has been moved forward from its (usual) position at the end. (It is not resumed by a pronoun, as in the casus pendens.)

  Example: "An excellent wife who can find?" (Prov. 31:10)

• xQt0: x-qatal-null clause: A clause containing no explicit subject and in which other elements precede the qatal verb form.

  Example: "For you have taken my silver and my gold..." (Joel 3:5)

• XQtl: X-qatal clause: A clause in which an explicit subject precedes a qatal verb form.

  Example: "Who told you that you were naked?" (Gen. 3:11)

• xQtX: x-qatal-X clause: A clause in which an explicit subject follows a qatal verb form, which itself follows other elements.

  Example: "Thus says the Lord..." (Amos 1:3)

• xYq0: x-yiqtol-null clause: A clause containing no explicit subject and in which other elements precede the yiqtol verb form.

  Example: "Do not enter the gate of my people in the day of their calamity..." (Obadiah 13)

• XYqt: X-yiqtol clause: A clause in which an explicit subject precedes a yiqtol verb form.

  Example: "Every place on which the sole of your foot treads shall be yours." (Deut. 11:24)

• xYqX: x-yiqtol-X clause: A clause in which an explicit subject follows a yiqtol verb form, which itself follows other elements.

  Example: "Before him went pestilence..." (Hab. 3:5)

• ZIm0: Zero-imperative-null clause: A clause beginning with an imperative verb form and containing no explicit subject.

  Example: "Hear, O heavens, and listen, O earth." (Isa. 1:2)

• ZImX: Zero-imperative-X clause: A clause beginning with an imperative verb form, followed by an explicit subject.

  Example: "Go thou near, and hear all that the Lord our God shall say" (Deut. 5:27)

• ZQt0: Zero-qatal-null clause: A clause beginning with a qatal verb form and containing no explicit subject.

  Example: "washed his garments in wine..." (Gen. 49:11)

• ZQtX: Zero-qatal-X clause: A clause beginning with a qatal verb form, followed by an explicit subject.

  Example: "...says the Lord of hosts." (Mal. 3:7)

• ZYq0: Zero-yiqtol-null clause: A clause beginning with a yiqtol verb form and containing no explicit subject.

  Example: "Do not harass Moab or contend with them in battle" (Deut. 2:9)

• ZYqX: Zero-yiqtol-X clause: A clause beginning with a yiqtol verb form, followed by an explicit subject.

  Example: "Let there go a royal commandment from him," (Esth. 1:19)

Phrase: A small group of words standing together as a conceptual unit, typically forming a component of a clause, and lacking its own predication.

• S: Subject: The "doer" (agent) or "experiencer" (patient) of the predicate.

  Example of Agent: "And God said ... " (Gen. 1:3)

  Example of Patient: "And the earth was formless and void" (Gen. 1:2)

• P: Predicate: The verb and any modifiers.

  Example: "Let us make man in our image" (Gen. 1:26)

• C: Complement: The phrase(s) that are required by either a verb or a preposition in order to "complete" the semantics of each.

  Example: "Let us make man in our image" (Gen. 1:26)

• A: Adjunct: The phrase(s) that are not required but add additional information about a verb or noun.

  Example: "Let us make man in our image" (Gen. 1:26)

• O: Object: An argument required by the verb, usually referring to the entity on which the subject acts. (In traditional grammar, this is also called the "direct object".)

  Example: "In the beginning God created the heavens and the earth." (Gen. 1:1)

• C^I: Conjunction: A connector between sentences, clauses, phrases or words.

  Example: "Then God said, “Let there be light,” and there was light." (Gen. 1:3)

• E^P: Enclitic personal pronoun: A personal pronoun serving as copula in a verbless clause, linking between the subject and predicate complement.

  Example: "Lord God, You are God;" (2Sam. 7:28)

• E: Existence: The existential particle “there is”.
• E^S: Existence with SS: Existence with subject suffix. See Enclitic personal pronoun.

• F: Fronted Element: An element moved forward to a casus pendens clause, and resumed in its original clause by a pronoun.

  Example: "And of every living thing of all flesh you shall bring two of every sort into the ark," (Gen. 6:19)

• I: Interjection: A particle of exclamation.

  Example: "So now, look! Adonijah has become king;" (1Ki. 1:18)

• I^S: Interjection with SS: See Interjection.

• T^O: Locative: A phrase providing a place reference.

  Example: "he Lord spoke to you at Horeb out of the midst of the fire" (Deut. 4:15)

• M: Modifier: An adverb indicating verbal aspect, expressing degree, creating focus.

  Example: "So Israel was greatly impoverished because of the Midianites," (Jdg. 6:6)

• M^S: Modifier with SS: Modifier with subject suffix. See Modifier.

• N: Negation: A negative particle.

  Example: "And I will dwell among the children of Israel and will not forsake my people Israel." (1Ki. 6:13)

• X^C: Negative Copula: A negative particle such as serving as copula ("is not"), denying the link between a subject and predicate complement.
• X^S: Negative Copula with SS: Negative Copula with subject suffix. See Negative Copula.

• P^A: Predicative Adjunct: An element that is not required by the verb but provides additional information describing the subject or object.

  Example: "Male and female he created them." (Gen. 5:2)

• P^C (Aqua): Predicate Compliment with SS: See Predicative Adjunct.
• P^C (Green): Predicate Compliment: An obligatory element (noun, adjective, prepositional phrase etc.) that describes the subject: the complement of a copulative verb such as הָיָה "to be", or an element filling an equivalent role in a verbless (adjectival or nominal) clause.
• P^S: Predicate With SS: Predicate with subject suffix. See Predicate.

• R^O: Participle with Object Suffix: A participial verb form with a pronominal suffix referring to the object.

  Example: "Every commandment which I command you today you must be careful to observe." (Deut. 8:1)

• Q: Question: An interrogative particle or pronoun.

  Example: "Then the officers of the children of Israel came and cried out to Pharaoh, saying, "Why are you dealing thus with your servants?" (Ex. 5:15)

• R: Relative: A conjunction introducing a subordinate clause.

  Example: The oracle that Habakkuk the prophet saw" (Hab. 1:1)

• T: Time Reference: A phrase providing temporal indications.

  Example: "In the beginning God created the heavens and the earth." (Gen. 1:1)

• U: Unknown: Used for cases, mainly in Qumran and Inscriptions, where text is missing and the syntactical tagging of the remaining words is uncertain or unknown.

• V: Vocative: An address or invocation.

  Example: "All these, O king, Araunah has given to the king." (2Sam. 24:23)

Subphrase: A phrase making up part of a larger phrase.

• Y^A: Adjunct: The relation between two nouns in apposition, i.e. simply juxtaposed to one another rather than linked in a genitive construction.

  Example: "if the anointed priest sins..." (Lev. 4:3)

• Y^T: Attribute: The relation between a noun and the adjective describing it.

  Example: "Take a large scroll..." (Isa. 8:1)

• Y^D: Demonstrative: The relation between a noun and the demonstrative pronoun connected to it.

  Example: "There were giants on the earth in those days." (Gen. 6:4)

• Y^M: Modifier: The relation between a modifier and the element (noun, adjective etc.) it affects.Example: "From a very far country your servants have come," (Josh. 9:9)

• Y^P: Parallel: The relation between coordinated elements.Example: "In the beginning God created the heavens and the earth." (Gen. 1:1)

• Y^R: Regens/Rectum: The two elements in a genitive construction. The first element (in the construct state) is the nomen regens (governing noun), the second element is the nomen rectum (governed noun).

  Example: "Let there be lights in the firmament of the heavens to divide the day from the night;" (Gen. 1:14)

This is the full list of tags that may be attached to individual words in a clause (some necessarily overlap with those above):

• S: Subject: See "Phrase, Subject" above.
• P: Predicate: See "Phrase, Predicate" above.
• C: Complement: See "Phrase, Complement" above.
• A: Adjunct: See "Phrase, Adjunct" above.
• O: Object: See "Phrase, Object" above.
• C: Conjunction: See "Phrase, Conjunction" above.
• E^P: Enclitic personal pronoun: See "Phrase, Enclitic personal pronoun" above.
• E: Existence: See "Phrase, Existence" above.
• F: Fronted Element: See "Phrase, Fronted Element" above.
• I: Interjection: See "Phrase, Interjection" above.
• T^O: Locative: See "Phrase, Locative" above.
• M: Modifier: See "Phrase, Modifier" above.
• N: Negation: See "Phrase, Negation" above.
• X^C: Negative Copula: See "Phrase, Negative Copula" above.
• R^O: Participle with Object Suffix: See "Phrase, Particle with Object Suffix" above.
• Q: Question: See "Phrase, Question" above.
• R: Relative: See "Phrase, Relative" above.
• S^C: Supplementary: A non-obligatory element pointing to a person concerned with or affected by the matter in question (the so-called "ethic dative").
• T: Time Reference: See "Phrase, Time Reference" above.
• U: Unknown: See "Phrase, Unknown" above.
• V: Vocative: See "Clause, Vocative" above.