Clause: a unit of grammatical organization, consisting of a subject and predicate.

Clause Types

• N: Independent, Non-Speech: A sentence or independent clause (the top level); a set of words that is complete in itself, conveying a statement, question, exclamation, or command, and consisting of a main clause and sometimes one or more subordinate clauses.

  Example: "And God called the light Day" (Gen 1:5)

• L: Dependent, Non-Speech: A clause, often introduced by a subordinating conjunction, that forms part of and is dependent on a main clause.

• Speech Clauses: Speech is indicated by an arc under the N or L. The number of arcs represent the nested level of speech.

  Example: "And God said: Let light be!" (Gen 1:3)

• Clause Sub-Types: The N and L clauses have superscripts that identify the type of Clause (as in the Clause dialog box).

• C: Complement: A clause that "completes" the requirement of the verbal semantics.

  Example: "And God saw that it was good" (Gen 1:10)

• A: Adjunct: A clause that adds additional, but not syntactically required, information to the verb in the higher clause or, in the case of relative clauses, to a noun within the higher clause.

  Example 1: "And God put them in the firmament of the heavens in order to provide light upon the earth" (Gen 1:17)

  Example 2: "And he divided between the waters that were under the firmament" (Gen 1:7)

• S: Subject: The “doer” (agent) or “experiencer” (patient) of the predicate.

  Example 1: (agent) 'And God said ... ' (Gen 1:3)

  Example 2: (patient), 'And the earth was formless and void.' (Gen 1:2)

• X: Appositive: A clause that elaborates on a preceding clause or phrase of the same type.

  Example 1: "And the Nephilim were in the land in those days (and also afterwards), when the Sons of God came to the Daughters of Man ... " (Gen 6:4)

  Example 2: "And the sons of Noah who came out from the Ark were Shem, Ham, and Japheth (Ham was the father of Canaan)." (Gen 9:18)

• D: Casus pendens (dislocation): Noun or pronoun placed outside a following clause and resumed within the clause by a retrospective pronoun.

  Example: "And the fourth river -- it is the Euphrates" (Gen 2:14)

• T: Parenthesis: A clause that interrupts the flow of an ‘argument’, whether the argument is at its core chronological (i.e., a narrative) or logical (i.e., an exposition, as in, e.g., many psalms).

  Example: "And Cain said to Abel, his brother ... " (Gen 4:8)

  Example: "Two by two they came to Noah, to the ark." (Gen 7:9)

Phrase: A small group of words standing together as a conceptual unit, typically forming a component of a clause, and lacking its own predication.

Phrase Types

• S: Subject: The "doer" (agent) or "experiencer" (patient) of the predicate.
  
  Example of Agent: "And God said ... " (Gen 1:3)
  
  Example of Patient: "And the earth was formless and void" (Gen 1:2)
• P: Predicate: The verb and any modifiers.
  
  Example: "Let us make man in our image" (Gen 1:26)
• C: Complement: The phrase(s) that are required by either a verb or a preposition in order to "complete" the semantics of each.
  
  Example: "Let us make man in our image" (Gen 1:26)
• A: Adjunct: The phrase(s) that are not required but add additional information about a verb or noun.
  
  Example: "Let us make man in our image" (Gen 1:26)
• X: Appositive: See "Clause, Appositive" above.
• V: Vocative: A word or phrase of direct address that stands apart from the subject and predicate of the clause.
  
  Example: "And Abraham said: "O Lord GOD, what will you give me?" (Gen 15:2)
• D: Casus Pendens: See "Clause, Casus Pendens" above.

This is the full list of tags that may be attached to individual words in a clause (some necessarily overlap with those above):

• S: Subject: See "Phrase, Subject" above.
• P: Predicate: See "Phrase, Predicate" above.
• C: Complement: See "Phrase, Complement" above.
• A: Adjunct: See "Phrase, Adjunct" above.
• X: Appositive: See "Clause, Appositive" above.
• V: Vocative: See "Clause, Vocative" above.
• D: Casus Pendens: See "Clause, Casus Pendens" above.
• T: Parenthesis: See "Parenthesis" above.
• F: Specifier: The definite article.
• E: Exclamation or interjection: A word or phrase that interrupts the normal syntax The analysis of the function of each word in a clause or phrase to orient the attention of the addressee (the reader or a character in the narrative).
  
  Example: "And LORD God said: Look/Behold -- the man has become like one of us." (Gen 3:22)
• U: Unknown: Used for cases, mainly in Qumran and Inscriptions, where text is missing and the syntactical tagging of the remaining words is uncertain or unknown.

• Each syntactical tag can be simple or compound.

• Compound terms are usually linked by a conjunction. In the tree, compound elements are identified with a superscripted plus (+) and a dot on each branch. The connecting conjunction is identified with an ampersand (&) at the node and a gray line on that branch of the syntax tree.

  

• Colon (:): The : means that a separate sentence of speech follows. That speech is usually indicated by an N and a superscripted letter such as A, B, or C. The A, B, C, etc. indicates the level of embedded speech with A at the highest level.
• Null: Used to mark an implied word such as a subject or verb (indicated by a dash in the syntax display). In the examples below the blue words are absent in the original Hebrew and therefore tagged as Nulls.
• Example 1: "And darkness (was/Ø) upon the face of the deep." (Gen 1:2)
• Example 2: "And God saw that (it) (was) good" (Gen 1:10)
• Antecedent: a word to which another word (such as a following relative pronoun) refers (indicated by numerals in the syntax display), in addition to the syntactical tag.
• Example: "And he divided between the waters 1 that (they - 1) were under the firmament" (Gen 1:7)
• Begin Speech: Used to indicate the beginning of direct speech.